Australian Taxation Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Taxation Law - Assignment Example b) Eddie buys a house in January 2003 and sells it in Jan 2007. Therefore, this is a capital asset, and capital gains tax are applicable in this case (Global Property Guide, 2015). Since the transaction occurs after 21 September 1999, the capital gains taxable amount will be discounted at 50% since Eddie has owned the asset for at least 12 months. Capital gains tax is calculated on the net gain on the capital sale. c) The capital gains tax I this case will be net of $800,000 less the amount that John had paid to purchase the farm. Since John is an individual, the calculations will be done on individual graduated scales of taxation. If it was a company, the tax rate is 30% flat (Global Property Guide, 2015). d) The total capital gains in Quantas shares is (1.56- 0.45) $1.11 per share and that in Westco is (2.10-5.20) a loss of $3.1 per share. The net gain in Quantas in added to the loss in westco and added to other revenues for calculation of tax for the individual. According to income tax assessment act 1997, the tax exempt entities include Community Service organizations, educational services, and charitable organizations (Australian Government, 2012). These entities must be registered under the Australian Charities and not for profit commission act 2012. The capital gains discount where 50% discounting rate is used for assets held for at least 12 months and 33.33% for complying super funds, indexation for assets acquired before 21september 1999 and the third where cost base is deducted from capital proceeds (Austrilian Government, 2012). Jerry is conducting the business of fishing as much as it seems he is doing it as a hobby. Jerry compensates his sons for their efforts thereby creating a monetary value for their work and thus there is income earned by the sons. Jerry also sells extra fish to the available market at prices he wishes and,

The relationship between Eddie and Catherine Essay Example for Free

The relationship between Eddie and Catherine Essay These other variable s are: Cross-sectional area of the wire (0. 02mm) Material (Constantan 36 SWG) Temperature (The voltage does not need to be kept constant but to be able to calculate the resistance of the wire it must be measured at each length because Ohms Law is true providing the temperature is constant. ) Safety Ensure that all connections are secure before the power is switched on. Do not touch the wire being used as a resistor until after the power has been turned off. It is recommendable not to touch the wire for a short while after the power has been switched off because the wire may be hot. Ensure that the work area is dry because water is a very good conductor and could cause electrocution. Take care when using scissors to cut the wire/sellotape. All accident must be reported to the teacher immediately. Potential Difference (Volts) Current (Amps) Resistance (? ) Length of Wire (cm) 1 2 Average 1 2 3 Average 1Conclusion and Graph It was previously predicted that the greater the length of wire the greater the resistance. I also predicted that the resistance of the wire was directly proportional to the wires length. The graph produced from the averages of the resistances obtained in the experiment proves the prediction because in the graph a straight-line through the origin was produced. The graph plotted was Resistance versus wire length graph (R against L) therefore the resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire (R ? L), as predicted in the prediction. The prediction predicted that the greater the length of wire the greater the resistance. The resistance will be greater because, in longer wires, electrons have the pass more ions (opposition) when travelling through the wire. This means that there is a greater probability that an electron will collide with an ion. The more collisions the more times an electron is knocked off course and thus more time to travel through the material. Using this theory, it seems that the resistance of a wire can be quantified, because it seems that if an electron has to pass twice as many ions as in the original wire then the electron will collide with twice as many ions and will, consequently knocked off course twice as many times with the result being that the electron takes twice as long to travel through the wire. Doubling the length of wire doubles the number of ions in the wire and therefore it will take an electron twice as long to go through a piece of wire twice as long. In a similar manner, it will take an electron three times as long to travel through a wire three times as long. This can then be applied to a piece of wire x times as long as the original wire because we can see that it will take an electron x times as long to pass through a wire x times as long (on average). Thus, we can deduce that: R = x L (x is a constant) Evaluation The think that the experiment performed was successfully as there were no anomalous results plus the results produced a perfect line of best-fit. The fact that there we no anomalous results shows that the method was suitable and was carried out accurately. It also suggests that the points mentioned in the preliminary work regarding leaving the power supply on for the minimal time to keep the temperature constant which achieved accurate results and suggests that the choice of voltage and wire lengths was made successfully. However, some slight inaccuracies did occur in the experiment and this led to a line of best-fit i. e. there was not a straight-line joining all of the points together being drawn. The inaccuracies it seem could have been attributed by the following: Inaccurately judging the wire length, the length of wire may have been slightly inaccurately judged because judging the wire to be completely straight and taut using just our eyes was extremely difficult. Temperature change this variable was the most difficult to keep constant and it seems that this variable was, in fact, not kept constant. It seems that the wire will heat up as soon as the power is switched on and current is allowed to flow because, as soon as the electrons start colliding with the ions in the wire, the wire gains internal energy. Thus, it seems that, as soon as the power was switched on, the wire began to heat up, however slightly. Thus, whilst the temperature rise was kept as negligible as possible by leaving the power switched on for the minimum possible time, it seems that the temperature would have risen and this factor may have affected the results. Meters, the ammeter and voltmeter used measured the current and volt across the wire to the degree of one hundredth of an amp and volt, respectively i. e. the current and voltage measurements may be inaccurate by the degree of up to, one hundredth of an amp/volt. Similarly the resistance values calculated from the current and voltage measurements may be slightly inaccurate. Contact with crocodile clips, this factor may have affected the accuracy of the results, but this is extremely unlikely as it was ensured that the crocodile clips made definite contact with the wire being used as a resistor. These factors may have produced extremely slight inaccuracies and the results were only slight inaccurate and so it seems that the minor inaccuracies that the above factors may have caused may have caused the results in the investigation to be slightly inaccurate. Further work in the experiment could be to find the resistance of the Constantan wire used in the experiment. To find the resistance of the wire we need the two equations below, which were found from extra research. The equations tell us that the resistance of a wire is: i) Directly proportional to its length (L) i. e. R ? L ii) Inversely proportional to its cross-section area (A) i. e. R ? 1/A Combining the two statements we get: R ? L x 1/A The above can then be written as an equation if we insert a constant: Therefore, R = x L/AÃ'Ž Where x is a constant called the resistance of the material (for a fixed temperature and other physical conditions). The resistance of a material is numerically the resistance of a sample of unit length and unit cross-section area, at a certain temperature. To find x we can rearrange the equation R = x L/A to get x = AR/L. Thus, to find the resistance (x) of the Constantan wire used in this experiment we must substitute for A, R and L in the equation x = AR/L. The wire being used in the investigation should have a uniform cross-sectional area, but, to confirm this, the diameter of the wire can be measured using a micrometer. In this investigation the diameter of the wire was 0. 02mm and so the cross-sectional area of the wire can be estimated, by assuming the wires cross-section is circular, using the equation: Cross-sectional area = ? r2 Where r is the radius of the circular cross-sectional area, which is half of the diameter Other ways to further the experiment would be to use wires made from different materials to find differences in resistance that each wire produced. It could then be decided which of the wires was the best conductor. Cross-sectional area could also be investigated, if the experiment was furthered, and it could be investigated whether the resistance of a wire is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. To investigate the effect of cross-sectional area on resistance of similar wires (i. e. wires of the same length, material, etc. ) with different cross-sectional areas will be used. The effect of temperature on a wire could also be investigated. I believe that the experiment was performed successfully and that the results obtained were accurate. The predictions that were made were also confirmed by the results and the wire obeyed the rules that it was expected to. This experiment we can confirm that the resistance of a wire is directly proportional to the wires length. Tarique Sabah Physics Coursework Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Corruption Probe against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif

Corruption Probe against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Panama Papers and Corruption Probe against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif A case of tax avoidance Panama Papers[1] or Panama leaks refer to information based on 11 million documents involving more than two hundred thousand off shore companies. These documents contain confidential information about financial affairs of various affluent individuals and families across the globe. While some of the offshore entities are legal, some of the shell companies have been used for money laundering, tax evasion and fraud and hiding corruption money. The Panama leaks have led many governments to initiate investigations and legal proceeding against individuals whose names were found to be part of these papers. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif belongs to the most prominent and one of the richest families in Pakistan. The Sharif family has been actively involved in politics since last 30 years. Nawaz Sharif has served as a 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 to October 12, 1999. He is now serving under his third terms as a Prime Minister since June 2013. His brother, Shahbaz Sharif is the current Chief Minister of the province of Punjab. Their third generation is also actively involved in the politics. Panama Papers do not implicate either Nawaz or Shahbaz Sharif. However, these papers do identify in-laws of Shahbaz and children of Nawaz to offshore companies. Nawazs children have been tied to four offshore companies, Nescoll Limited, Nielson Holdings Limited, Coomber Group Inc., and Hangon Property Holdings Limited. The companies acquired luxury real estate in London during 2006-2007. The real estate was collateral for loans of up to $13.8 million according to the Panama Papers. The prime ministers children[2] say the money came from the sale of a family business in Saudi Arabia[3]. The Panama Papers have identified Maryam as the joint owner with her brother Hussain of Coomber Group. The three companies obtained a  £7 million mortgage from the Swiss bank, Deutsche Bank (Suisse) SA and purchased f our appartments in at 118 Park Lane in London. Hassan, the other brother, bought Hangon Holdings and its stock in 2007 for  £5.5 million. Hangon, bought property, financed through the Bank of Scotland, at 1 Hyde Park Place in London.[4] Nawaz Sharif and his family used the services of a law firm, Mossack Fonseca[5], to create their offshore companies. They help their clients in creating complex shell company structures that, while legal, also allow the firms clients to operate behind an often impenetrable wall of secrecy. These offshore or shell companies help the owners to avoid any corporate taxes, withholding taxes, income tax, capital gains tax, local taxes, and estate or inheritance taxes, including gift taxes.   This arrangement is ethical and legitimate as long there is no secrecy or corruption money involved. However, this issue becomes questionable when it involves money laundering by corrupt politicians, public officials and criminal organizations. In Nawaz Sharif s case, few questions arise; what is the real source of this money and did Sharif family paid tax on this money? Recently, opposition parties have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court of Pakistan to investigate charges of corruption against the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in connection with Panama Papers disclosures. The Supreme Court has appointed a commission to probe corruption charges against the prime minister. The Court has issued notices to his daughter Maryam, sons Hasan and Hussain, son-in-law Muhammad Safdar, finance minister Ishaq Dar, director general Federal Investigation Agency, chairman Federal Board of Revenue, and the attorney general. The case is still being heard in the court and the court has not reached to a decision as yet. Our paper will focus on ethical issues around undeclared offshore assets and tax evasion and then we will try to reach to a conclusion whether Sharif family can be implicated for tax evasion or not. Lets first examine the ethics of tax avoidance and tax evasion. For our ethical analysis, we will apply Utilitarianism[6] approach and the Deontology[7] approach. The Utilitarianism approach states that ethics of tax avoidance cannot be determined theoretically because this evaluation depends, ultimately, on the quality of the government. The latter approach states that tax avoidance is an unethical behavior, since the result of this evaluation creates an irrational outcome. Despite the fact that the Utilitarianism and the Deontology approaches do not bring a unique result, this examination indicates that, in general, tax evasion is unethical. The only possibility in which tax avoidance would be ethical is when the government is expected to spend the tax revenue in a not good way.   Despite the existence of other relevant approaches on Ethics, these two represent the most studied and examined methods, which usually bring trustworthy results in an ethical investigation, and for this reason, they are appropriate to achieve the objectives of this paper. We will discuss the differences and similarities between tax avoidance and tax evasion, and will depict two recent cases of tax avoidance. Then we will use the theory about Utilitarianism and Deontology, and how these theories can be applied to different approaches of tax avoidance. Before we proceed further, we have to define tax avoidance and tax evasion. Tax avoidance is defined as the use of legal methods to modify an individuals financial situation to lower the amount of income tax owed. This is generally accomplished by claiming the permissible deductions and credits[8].   In 1873 case, US vs Isham, the court gave a ruling that a company cannot be held liable for the activities that are undertaken to reduce the tax burden while following a legal process[9]. This opinion outlines the boundaries of tax avoidance, which is the acceptance that this is a legal way to reduce tax payments; therefore it is a perfectly legal tax structure. However, when an individual or a company exploits the gaps in the tax law and minimizes the tax burden through legal but opposite to the purpose of tax law, then such act is construed as unethical. The offshore or shell companies are a perfect example of clever tax planning to minimize or totally avoid the tax liability. H ence, we can say that tax avoidance is unethical since it uses the gaps in the tax structure that were not expected or perceived by the government. Tax evasion is defined as an illegal practice where a person, organization or corporation intentionally avoids paying his true tax liability[10] .   Tax evasion is unethical as well as strictly illegal. It involves deliberate act of avoiding taxes through violation or circumvention of tax laws. In order to establish whether tax avoidance is a kind of conduct considered ethically right or wrong, it is necessary to make use of the ethical approaches. For the purpose of this work, as indicated above, the Utilitarianism and the Deontology approaches will be applied to tax avoidance. The Utilitarian approach[11] to tax avoidance, the means used to attempt the tax reduction is not taken in consideration. All taxpayer motivations and concerns are not contemplated; the only thing that will be evaluated is the result that a scheme would produce. Hence, to determine whether tax avoidance is a kind of conduct ethically right or wrong, it is necessary to evaluate the amount of utility or disutility it brings to the taxpayer, the State, or the society. A preliminary approach is possible to consider the taxpayer as a winner, and the State, representing the society, as a loser. Following the framework presented, the first duty is to evaluate the gain or loss of utility for taxpayers who undertook a tax avoidance arrangement. For this matter, it is necessary to assume that, for the taxpayer, less tax is always desirable. Thus for the taxpayer there is an inverse relation between its amount of tax liability and its perceived utility. Taken this assumption, and considering no other consequences, when a taxpayer makes use of a tax avoidance arrangement his utility grows considerably compared with his former situation. Therefore, taking the Utilitarianism criteria, for this taxpayer, the use of tax avoidance is an advantageous action and the right thing to do. After establishing that the tax avoidance arrangement increases the taxpayers utility, then it is necessary to investigate whether this scheme also increases the utilities of the State and society. In this case, the State results should be considered as society results, since the tax collected by states is assumed to be appropriate by the entire society, and, as a result, a good for the State is a good for the society. Tax avoidance arrangements as defined in this work reduce taxpayer liabilities and, therefore, reduce State revenue. States are expected to use revenue to pay their current obligations, but also to invest in State equipment to provide better lives to its citizens. However, there not have been any guarantees that the amount of revenue States collect will indeed be used in a desired way for society. In this case, the quality of public administration and state politics are the keys of the utility measure.   So to define if tax avoidance creates more or less utility for the society, it is necessary to evaluate whether this supplementary revenue (that which is paid by the taxpayer in the event he or she does not use the tax avoidance scheme) is expected to have a good use or not. It is not possible to define whether tax avoidance increases the societys utility without defining in advance if the resources obtained will be well spent by the government. As a matter of conclusion, it is possible to settle on the fact that the reduction in State revenue due to the use of tax avoidance schemes led to a reduction in societal utility. Although it is not possible to determine how governments would use the portion of tax avoided, even a little part of the supplementar y money received by the State can be applied in a good way, bringing some marginal benefit to the society. So, according to this reasoning, tax avoidance has a disutility to society, but the extent of its disutility will depend on the specific case analyzed. The question at this point is to weigh the benefit created by a tax avoidance arrangement to the taxpayer, versus the loss it brings to the society, hence determining whether tax avoidance in ethically right or wrong based in a Utilitarianism view. As seen above, the taxpayer views tax avoidance as creating utility and ought to be the right thing to do, but for the society the ethical judgment over tax avoidance relies on the expected quality of the State, and the effective return the revenue can bring to society. Consequently, it is not possible to define in a Utilitarianism view whether tax avoidance is ethically right or wrong, since the consequence of this conduct cannot be applied to all cases, but merely in specific cases under analysis. In short, using the Utilitarianism approach, the ethics of tax avoidance depend on the specific State where tax avoidance is supposed to happen. If the State tends to perform well with the tax revenue, tax avoidance is wrong, because this revenue will bring more utility to the society, even though the taxpayer will lose some utility. On the other hand, if the State manages tax revenue in an undesirable way, the utility created for the taxpayer will overcome the little disutility generated to the society. Using this arrangement will result in the presence of more utility, and therefore an ethical behavior. 44 4.2.2 The Deontological Approach to Tax Avoidance Deontological ethics, or Kantian ethics, points out that an individual ought to observe a moral norm before executing any action. Under this viewpoint, the intention of the individual ought to be in accordance with a moral norm, regardless of the expected and the effective consequences of this act. To apply the Ka ntian ethics is necessary to transform the situation under analysis in a maxim, and then this maxim should be evaluated as if it is a categorical imperative. As showed before, there are three formulations for the categorical imperative, but to analyze this kind of question, only the first formulation has adequacy to the characteristics of the maxim derived to the taxpayers behavior. This first formulation is one in which Kant pointed out that: Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. From this formulation, a given situation has to be transformed into a maxim, and this maxim has to be examined in such a way that the subject of maxim would desire that all actors would apply the conduct described in the maxim as a natural and universal law. Thus to value the ethics of tax avoidance, a maxim must be defined. This maxim should represent the conduct of a taxpayer while using this arrangement, and has to be a general statement that could be used in any situation, not only in the specific case. As previously observed, the use of a tax avoidance arrangement is the legal use of the loopholes or the methods not expected by the legislator to reduce taxpayer liabilities. This scheme is broadly considered within the law, nevertheless it is not a desirable scheme for the States due to the reduction in States revenue and for its anticompetitive consequences. In light of these issues, the maxim related to the use of tax avoidance by taxpayers could be defined as: taxpayers always make use of tax avoidance arrangements in order to reduce its tax liabilities. 45 This maxim generalized the taxpayers behavior as if it is a natural law to be applied to all possible actors. It is now necessary to test this maxim faced with the first categorical imperative formulation: Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law. Under this first formulation, the tax avoidance maxim should be analyzed as if a taxpayer would desire that all others taxpayers in an economy make use of tax avoidance arrangements as a natural law. So, from the standpoint of the taxpayer it is necessary to evaluate if will be it desirable that all others taxpayers use the tax avoidance arrangement in the same way it is using the scheme. As a result, in examining this formulation, this maxim is an undesirable situation, because if all taxpayers reduce their tax liabilities by using a tax avoidance scheme, the total revenue received by a State will decline significantly, forcing the State to act harshly against this situation. For instance, this response can go from increasing the existent tax amounts to creating new taxes to support the obligations. Apart from this consequence, if all taxpayers reduce their liabilities[12], no one will have a competitive advantage, demonstrating that the scheme fails in benefiting any market participant. Therefore, the widespr ead use of tax avoidance arrangements will reduce State revenues to an insufficient level, leading to efforts to somehow increase their revenues, the most common way being elevating the amount collected by the existing tax or to create new taxes altogether. As a result, applying categorical imperatives over the tax avoidance maxim brings the particular taxpayer and others to a situation equal or inferior than before, which denotes that this is not a rational maxim and thus not an ethical action. CONCLUSION Since the beginning of the twentieth century, societies around the world have been demanding more goods and service from states. Aside from demands in goods and services, demands for health care, transportation facilities, energy supply, among others, can also be observed. Also as an important issue, there has been a large and constant claim for more welfare spending. 46 Notwithstanding these demands, people in general refuse to pay more taxes to fund this increasing spending by States: They want more from the State but want to avoid paying for the higher presence of States in their lives. But to refuse to pay these taxes is, as a rule, an illegal act. Although people and organizations do not like to pay taxes, they pay in order to be within the law. As demonstrated in this work, tax avoidance is a kind of arrangement in which someone can reduce his or her tax liability in a legal way. For this reason, this arrangement has become increasingly common, resulting in very impr essive amounts of tax avoidance, and resulting in a reduction in States revenues. In view of these questions, States have been fighting against tax avoidance with real persistence but have not been very effective, mostly because taxpayers tend to have tax specialists ready to take advantage of an inevitable new tax rule that tries to combat tax avoidance. Even when States are truly efficient in setting a tax framework, taxpayers are usually more efficient than States. The most common methodology used by States to tackle tax avoidance is called GAAR, or General Anti Avoidance Rules. As viewed, almost all capitalist countries have some kind of GAAR to deal with the taxpayers who intend to make use of tax avoidance schemes. In this regard, the U.S. anti avoidance system is based in judicial decisions that constructed a framework of tests and theories applied to situations in which illegal tax avoidance is supposed to be perpetrated. In Brazilian cases, although there is not a totally o perational legal framework, the federal and local tax authorities have been using this law structure to fight against these arrangements. Hence, from the legal standpoint, there are not any remaining and relevant questions related to the legality of tax avoidance arrangements. It is recognized by the doctrines and judicial systems that tax avoidance arrangements are within the law. Nevertheless, from the ethical viewpoint, there has been different opinion about the ethics of tax avoidance, namely that it is unethical. 47 Society, in general, tends to consider tax avoidance as an unethical conduct, mainly when confronted with cases related to companies like Apple and Caterpillar, both studied in this work. However, Ethics as a subdivision of Philosophy has methodologies to deal with these kinds of questions. These methodologies are known as Ethical Standards, and among the Ethical Standards there are two that represent the strongest fields in the history of Ethics: the Utilitarianism and the Deontology approaches. In short, Utilitarianism tries to evaluate the ethics of an action by measuring the result of this action, while Deontology is concerned with the intent of the actor not with the result of its action. So, to analyze the ethics of tax avoidance, these two approaches were applied to this kind of tax arrangement. This work found an inconclusive answer using the Utilitarianism approach, but a conclusive answer when using Deontology. By employing the Utilitarianism approach, tax avoidance ethics will depend on the expected quality of the government. The arrangement will be considered ethical if the revenue that the State did not collect would not be used in a good and responsible way. On the other hand, if this revenue that the State did not collect was expected to be used wisely by the government, the use of tax avoidance arrangement by taxpayers will be unethical, morally reprehensive. Using the Deontology approach, after applying the categorical imperat ive to the maxim related to tax avoidance, the result is that tax avoidance is an unethical action. This is considered unethical because its use is not a rational behavior, since the final result does not bring any advantage for this taxpayer and probably results in cost without any return. As stated above, the ethical analysis using the framework developed by Utilitarianism and Deontology philosophers offered an answer to the question asked in the beginning of this work, but this answer was not consistent. These ambiguous results, however, do not invalidate the objectives of this research; they in fact emphasize the necessity to consider both approaches together in other to have a deeper perspective of the question at hand. Despite the differences in the results for countries where the government has a good historical use of the revenue obtained from taxation, both methodologies deny the use 48 of tax avoidance, declaring that this is an unethical behavior. Only in the countries wh ere the government has a bad historical use of the revenue obtained from taxation prompts the Utilitarianism approach to indicate that tax avoidance is an ethical action, but even in this case from a standpoint of Deontology, tax avoidance is still not ethical. The use of different ethical approaches can, as in this case, result in different ethical viewpoints, but, more importantly, the reasoning for this result can clarify the question under scrutiny. Another possibility to better deal with these questions is to extend this work by using others kinds of ethical approaches, like Virtue Ethics and Common Good Ethics. These two approaches, by using distinct methodology and theories, can exam the question here from different viewpoints, achieving maybe dissimilar results, but certainly improving the understanding of the topic The Article 62 of constitution of Pakistan requires a member of the Parliament to be righteous and honest[13]. The Panama Papers have raised a serious question about the integrity of Nawaz Sharif and his family. Final Page Grade: _______ [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers#Asia [2] Maryam Nawaz, Hassan Nawaz and Hussain Nawaz (three children of Nawaz Sharif) [3] http://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistan-prime-minister-upgrades-probe-into-panama-papers-affair-1461344499 [4] http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36092356 [5] https://vgsomnews.wordpress.com/2016/04/29/panama-papers-leak-and-ethics-of-tax-havens/ [6] The utilitarian approach, also called utilitarianism, is essentially a moral principle that asserts that morally correct actions are those that provide the greatest volume of benefits over harms for the majority of people [7] Deontology (or Deontological Ethics) is an approach to Ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions (Consequentialism) or to the character and habits of the actor (Virtue Ethics) (http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_deontology.html) [8] http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax_avoidance.asp [9] Assaf Likhovski (2008, p. 52) [10] http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/taxevasion.asp [11] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muel_Kaptein/publication/228174813_Three_General_Theories_of_Ethics_and_the_Integrative_Role_of_Integrity_Theory/links/543196ad0cf27e39fa9f93ea.pdf [12] http://eml.berkeley.edu//~saez/course/Slemrod,Yitzhaki%20PE%20Handbook%20chapter.pdf [13] http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1333523681_951.pdf

The Mention of the Israelites in Egyptian Scriptures :: essays research papers fc

There are several Egyptian documents that not only mention the Israelites in their texts, but also tie the Bible to historical facts. Egyptian documents such as the Tell el-Amarna letters, a large â€Å"stele† of the Menephtah, and the Elephantine papyri not only tell the history of Egypt, they also coincide with biblical scripture. The documents confirm not only dates, certain numbers, and rituals, such as circumcision, but places and event, e.g. The Exodus, of biblical stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to James Orr, general editor for â€Å"The Definition for Egypt,† the Tell el-Amarna Letters were discovered in 1887. â€Å"These documents refer to many Biblical cities; they also give much direct information concerning the political and social conditions at that period† (Orr, Palestine). Damien Mackey’s â€Å"The House of David,† shows the remarkable similarities between several rulers in Egypt and the three kings (Saul, David, and Salomon) mentioned in the Bible. In Michael Grant’s â€Å"The History of Ancient Israel,† he states that a ruler in the 14th century named Labayu ruled over Shechem and extended his kingdom as far as the Mediterranean coast (18). One model given in the case of Saul tells of a second name stated in Psalm 57; the name is Lebaim, â€Å"a unique word in the Old Testament meaning great lions.† In line with this passage comes a reference from the Amarna letters; an Egyptian pharaoh whose name was Labayu, meaning â€Å"Great Lion of (N)’ where N is a god’s name† (Mackey 1). The Amarna letters could also wrap together David and Tuthmosis III as one and the same. Labayu had sons that battled for an equally important roll after his death (Grant 18). In II Samuel 3:1, the passage tells of how Saul’s two sons Ish-Bosheth and David fought for power. This leads Mackey to a comprehensive comparison between David and Tuthmosis I & III. A few illustrations in the contrast are ranging from military campaigns to coronation ceremonies (Mackey 3-5). In the military campaign of Megiddo, the records by Tuthmosis III describe the split of his armies to defeat scattered forces in separate Canaanite towns. Later, Tuthmosis rejoins his armies to capture of Megiddo (Orr, Palestine). This corresponds with II Samuel 11:1 account of David’s conquest of Rabbah (Mackey 5). Although, not as much information is found on the Elephantine papyri and the â€Å"stele† of Menephtah, they still display the bonds between the history of Egypt and biblical scriptures.

Relationships with children and young people Essay

Describe how you would establish respectful, professional, relationships with children and young people. It is important to establish respectful and professional relationships with children and young people as a role of a Teaching Assistant. A relationship in which a child trusts and respects their teaching assistant and feels comfortable in their company, will allow you to offer a supportive and caring environment in which the child can learn and develop. Listening is arguably the most important way in which to establish a respectful and professional relationship with a child or young person. By listening to what a child has to say, without interruption, conveys to the child that you are in interested in and values what the child has to say. By not interrupting the child, it shows that their views and opinions are not only respected by you, but are also as important as the views and opinions of you themselves. You should also take an active interest in what the child has to say and an interest in the child themselves. For example, what are their hobbies, their interests, their likes and dislikes? . Children respond to routine and rules and should be made aware of what the rules are and the consequences of breaking rules. By doing this, this will enable you to explain to the child that the punishment they have received for breaking a rule ‘is fair’. Fairness helps to establish respectful relationships. Children are very aware of the concept of fairness and the statement ‘it’s not fair’ is often heard within the classroom. Every child should feel secure and valued no matter of their culture, abilities, sex or race and your interactions with the child or young person should demonstrate this at all times. It is important you establish these ground rules and mutual respect right from the beginning, as well as discuss the factors with the pupils that are important when working together. It is crucial that you start by talking about how you are going to work together and what each person wants to get out of it. By doing this it will help you develop a mutually respectful relationship with the pupils. You must also  remember to be able to adapt your behaviour, and be able to communicate accordingly to every child. It is important that you can demonstrate effective communication skills and show that you are approachable to each individual child or young person you are working with. You need to take into consideration that each child or young person is different and can be at different development stages. It is very important when talking or listening to a child that you maintain eye contact, concentrate on what they are saying and physically lower yourself to their level. This shows the child respect and that you consider them as an equal. Finding out about some of their interests and hobbies will also show them that you are really interested. You should make an effort to learn all children’s names, how to spell them and how to pronounce them. Professionally this is also important; being able to put a face to a name will ensure the child’s safety. Children have a great respect for fairness; ‘it’s not fair’ is a common phrase in the classroom. A way of showing fairness is allowing a child to explain their version of events; again this shows that you are willing to listen. However it is important to be consistent in situations, if two children break the same rule it would be unfair to punish one and not the other, this would result in lack of respect from the children. It would also be unfair if you were to show favouritism, like letting your ‘favourites’ get away with things that you would punish other chi ldren for. Being polite not only shows respect but as an adult being polite is a good role model for the children. Children always have stories to tell and being interested and polite shows them that you have listened to them. Children mimic the behaviour of adults, if you are polite, honest, fair and respectful to children there is more chance that they will be act the same towards you.

A biography of Robert Frost including his decendence. education, and information about his family. This essay covers Frosts life from childhood to death.

A biography of Robert Frost including his decendence. education, and information about his family. This essay covers Frosts life from childhood to death. Robert Lee Frost was born in San Francisco, California on March 26, 1874. His father, William Prescott Frost, was a native of New England, and his mother, Isabelle Moodie Frost, was a Scotswoman who emigrated from Edinburgh. She went to school in Columbus, Ohio, and became a schoolteacher. Isabelle and William met while teaching in Lewistown, Pennsylvania. Robert Frost was named, by his father, after the South's distinguished general, Robert E. Lee.Frost descended from a puritanic line from Maine and New Hampshire farmers, Revolutionary war soldiers, and public servants. William Frost hated New England and only stayed there until he graduated from Harvard College, with honors, in 1872. Afterwards, he headed to Pennsylvania where he met his wife and they moved on to the Golden Gate City.William Prescott Frost died of tuberculosis, in 1885, in San Francisco, when Robert was only eleven years old. In his will William left a request that his remains be taken back to his homeland, New Eng land, for burial.Robert FrostFrost, his mother, and sister, Jeanie, traveled across the continent to New England. The family settled in Salem, New Hampshire because they didn't have enough money to travel back home. While in Salem, Mrs. Frost made a living as a grammar school teacher which her children attended.Frost disliked studying and didn't read by himself until twelve years old suddenly became interested in learning while at high school. Frost attended Lawerence High School where he graduated as valedictorian and class poet in 1892. Then he enrolled at Dartmouth College, as freshmen but soon left insisting that he had had enough of scholarship.After leaving college, Frost tried various different ways to earn a living. He worked in mills in Lawerence, was a newspaper reporter, and taught school. Frost sold his first poem, The Butterfly...

Negotiation of Gender Identity

Negotiation of Gender Identity The negotiation of gender identity is an issue that has raised a lot of mayhem at the workplaces. This paper will outline the issue by critically analyzing the GI Jane movie. The movie, GI Jane, is a fictional artwork whose plot revolves around the first woman to undertake sea training in the United States Navy Special Welfare Group. It is ironical that the lead actress, Demi Moore, who plays Jordan O’Neill in this male dominated film, is a woman.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation of Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main actress is striving to be treated equally as her male counterparts in the training. She even goes to the extent of sharing the same sleeping place with her male colleagues. All the things she does throughout the movie are intended to bring equal treatment for both sexes. The main actress wants to prove to other actors that even women are capable of handling the du ties perceived as men’s. This paper uses the movie to outline the ways through which gender bias can be eliminated. This female subject becomes the lead character of this movie and behaves as if she was equal to the other male trainees. Despite the rigorous procedure used for recruiting the naval officers and the enlisted personnel, she is able to sail through and impress the panelists. Despite the numerous barriers the main lead actress encounters during the training, she doesn’t give up on the training. The O’Neill lives by the same principles, upholds the same values and lives in the same quarters as them. In fact, as a result of the lead’s actress’ box of tampons, one of the male trainees was so terrorized by her sharing the same sleeping place with them. Although she portrays to be as strong as men in this challenging training, she almost gives in to a sexual relationship with her lead training instructor, Master Chief. Such relationships are some of the factors, which interfere with the efforts of the lead actress to fight for equality. Women are most often discriminated or exempted from certain jobs or activities. Such jobs, which involves a lot of risks are said to belong to men (Inness 54). In the movie, Jordan who is the main character gets into training in the Seals Otters. It has never occurred before that a woman can undergo such rigorous training. Even though there are thousands of women serving in the navy, it is still regarded by majority as a men’s career. The fact that Jordan plays a major role in the movie is a clear indication that even women can be as strong as men in any given career (Zeigler and Gunderson 72). The masculine characters are portrayed in a manner that looks down upon women especially in the military. The fact that Master Chief develops intimate feelings for Jordan indicates that there some men who still view the women as sexual objects. In the United States the attempt to review the law in order to incorporate female characters in the military service has been thwarted by the male chauvinists.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, the party that is interested in upholding gender-based discrimination must prove that such a move meets or helps in achieving important governmental objectives (Zeigler and Gunderson 70). Irrespective of the ability of women to perform certain duties such as service in the military, they cannot be integrated into it just because of their gender (Zeigler and Gunderson 73). There have been campaigns in various organizations and governmental agencies to allow equality of gender in the work place. Women want to be included in every sector of leadership and governance. â€Å"While change may come slowly, as women continue to gain inclusion in all spheres of the civilian world, they will eventually do so in the servi ces as well.† (Zeigler and Gunderson 73, Para. 2). This shows the determination and zeal that the women activists have in ensuring equality in jobs (Zeigler and Gunderson 73). In GI Jane movie, there is a concern that the services of men in the military will be compromised due to mistreatment of women. The point is proved right when a male colleague, who is a leader of the seal squad, helps Jordan in some of the difficulties she encounters. She was expected to handle herself, and she is also assaulted sexually before her teammates during sere training. This is aimed at making them reveal their information to the enemy in defense of the female squad member. This indicates that the presence of female members in a military squad can jeopardize their missions. This is also another discrimination criteria portrayed in the movie (Zeigler and Gunderson 73). In the contemporary society, it is reported that quite a number of leaders and Presidents have plunged their countries with a pe rspective that they are defending the manhood of their countries. A nation that accepts bloodshed as the last horror has lost what is regarded as its manhood. This was a declaration after the World War 1. After this, so many wars that took place were in defense of the nation’s manhood. The Vietnam War, the gulf war were paradigms of manhood. President Ronald Reagan, because he wanted America to display firmness of manhood, intervened in Nicaragua. Men’s work is regarded as real while that of women is an insult. Therefore, no leader or ruler wants to associate his country with feminism (Zeigler and Gunderson 74). The GI Jane movie depicts a woman character that is willing to sacrifice a lot in order to be accepted into the military, it is a portrayal of masculinization of a female person. At the onset, it is said that â€Å"Demi Moore Takes It like a Man† (Brown 49, Para. 2). This is an indication of women not being in a position to carry out some tasks as they a re. They have to live behind their womanhood and do it as men do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation of Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that if they face the situation as women, then the possibility of completing the task effectively is very low. She loses part of her womanhood in the training and adapts men’s masculine nature. She cuts her hair short and her training routine makes her to lose period. Her body too becomes more masculine like those of men (Brown 49). In adapting and changing into masculinity, Jordan eventually becomes the most respectable member of the seal. She does it better than all her colleagues by displaying spectacular skills in rescuing her boss. After rescuing her commanding officer, she then proceeds and delivers the whole platoon. This is a display of the ability of women having equal or even better chance of competing in anything. She can attain all the heights in life if she dedicates time and energy. However, this does not come for free for she has to sacrifice a part of her womanhood in order to achieve her goals (Inness 56). The master chief of the group mistreats her in order to discourage her from continuing in the military. He employs all the cruelty skills earned from training on her. Nevertheless, the determination of Jordan becoming the first military navy woman could not fade off. Even when she had been brutally beaten by her boss with the perspective of intimidating her, she retaliates at him with insults of â€Å"suck my dick.† She receives applause from the fellow compatriots and regains composer and fame. This mistreatment reflects on the contemporary society’s position on women. They are treated as objects for certain specific activities. Any attempt to break lose will result into enduring pain and hardships (Inness 57). Another aspect elaborating gender discrimination is the cold and casual t reatment that Jordan receives from her boyfriend Royce. To him, she has lost her womanhood for military and therefore incomplete as a woman. The way men treat her too at the receptionist, others even whistling at her indicating that she is just a sex object. To them, she is not expected to complete the training. This explains the society’s view of a woman’s position in the community. The community cannot expect a woman to be able to perform rigorous activities that require masculine bodies (Schubart 338).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The defiant behavior of Jordan to have sex with men in the seal squad puts her on the spot. Most critics say that her unusual behavior suggests that she might be a lesbian. Together with the other two actors alongside her, the question of womanhood is raised. As usual, it is expected that the ladies cannot afford to stay with men for a long time without having sexual intercourse this shows the society’s position concerning female characters. They are regarded as gullible, fragile and without a firm position in decision making (Cook 183). Just like in most movie and story books, feminism is criticized when it comes to jobs or roles that have been culturally associated with men. It becomes more difficult for the male counterparts to comprehend and accept the challenge offered by women. Without the support of men, women may not fully exploit their potentials in various fields. The western culture has over a long time conflated masculinity. It can redefine any word it finds neces sary in order to emphasize a point against feminism. To some extent, masculinity or masculinities are words that are used in informing intellectual cultures that are not necessary (Eberwein 176). Another degree of gender biasness is found in the American leadership and the government. During the time Patricia Ireland served in the government as an executive vice president of a nationwide organization for women, elaborated a number of things of the government and the constitution. One of them is that combat exclusion only offers protection for men’s jobs. Women are excluded. This means that they can lose their jobs as easily as they are obtained (Zeigler and Gunderson 73). On the other hand, women do not see sex as a deterrent to attaining their goals. It is reported that sex was common during the veteran war just as it was in the desert storm. This does not alter the performance of a lady. It is also noted that gender integrated crews have no and will not combat the readiness and the capabilities of a leader or commandant. Soldiers do make friendship, they do it either way. That means subordinates can have friendship with their bosses and vice versa. However, this does not alter the ability or the inability to perform their duties. One soldier remarked that the military should be able to train its members and avoid dwelling on unnecessary misconduct or relations. These issues are brought down to nature and they are not related to occupation (Zeigler and Gunderson 76). There was another claim that women cannot be able to work in some particular sectors. One of them was firefighting industry. After a close examination and measurement of the upper section of women’s bodies, it was concluded that they are unable to carry other people on their shoulders. However, they were later proved wrong (Zeigler and Gunderson 76). In conclusion, gender biasness discriminating on women is a major concern in today’s society. In the movie GI Jane, the main ch aracter, Jordan is depicted as a woman who acts as a bridge to indicate that, what the society sees as impossibility is made possible through determination. However, gender discrimination is brought out in a more elaborate manner. The fact that her boss mistreats her in order to intimidate her is an indication of gender discrimination. The colleagues also welcome her to the seal squad with a view of a sexual object that has joined the group. Almost every man flirted with her while others were whistling to her. This is the discrimination that has been perpetuated in the society for a long period of time. Brown, Jeffrey A. Dangerous Curves: Action Heroines, Gender, Fetishism, and Popular Culture. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2011. Print. Cook, Bernie. Thelma Louise Live!: The Culture Afterlife of an American Film. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2007. Print. Eberwein, Robert T. The War Film. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers, the State University, 2005. Print. Inness, Sherrie A. Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture. New York, NY: Sherrie A. Inness, 2004. Print. Schubart, Rikke. Super Beaches and Action Babes: The Female Hero in Popular Cinema, 1970-2006. Jefferson, NC: Rikke Schubart, 2007. Print. Zeigler, Sara L., and Gregory, G. Gunderson. Moving Beyond G.I. Jane: Women and the U.S. Military. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, Inc, 2005. Print.

Free Essays on Pres Campaign 04

Executive Summary Once every four years the citizens of the United States vote on the president. This year President George W. Bush ran for re-election versus Senator John Kerry. Important issues in the presidential campaign include: the economy, abortion, education, health care, national and homeland security, the environment, and gay rights and same-sex marriages. For the most part, the candidates agreed on what the end result should be, but their plans of achieving the goals were different. President Bush believes that the economy will improve if his tax cuts are made permanent. He believes that the decision of Roe versus Wade should be reversed, and that marriage is sanctity between a man and woman, therefore he is against gay rights and same-sex marriages. Education, health care, and the environment are all areas that need improvements, whether it is by providing the proper funding or implementing new â€Å"rules and regulations.† Senator Kerry, on the other hand, believes that Bush’s tax cuts need to be readjusted to help the middleclass. Although, Kerry does agree with Bush on abortion and gay rights and same-sex marriages because of religious beliefs, he wants abortion to remain a woman’s right, and make acknowledgement and provide protection to those in same-sex relationships. Like Bush, Kerry recognizes the high need to change education, health care, and the environment, so that more people are able to benefit from them. In the end, it came down to who agrees with the candidates on abortion and same-sex relationships, and which polices were more favored by the people. This presidency campaign was definitely a close one, which President Bush squeezed out after Senator Kerry conceded Ohio. George W. Bush and John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Campaign Once every four years an important decision is placed in the hands of the people, who will reign as president over the... Free Essays on Pres Campaign 04 Free Essays on Pres Campaign 04 Executive Summary Once every four years the citizens of the United States vote on the president. This year President George W. Bush ran for re-election versus Senator John Kerry. Important issues in the presidential campaign include: the economy, abortion, education, health care, national and homeland security, the environment, and gay rights and same-sex marriages. For the most part, the candidates agreed on what the end result should be, but their plans of achieving the goals were different. President Bush believes that the economy will improve if his tax cuts are made permanent. He believes that the decision of Roe versus Wade should be reversed, and that marriage is sanctity between a man and woman, therefore he is against gay rights and same-sex marriages. Education, health care, and the environment are all areas that need improvements, whether it is by providing the proper funding or implementing new â€Å"rules and regulations.† Senator Kerry, on the other hand, believes that Bush’s tax cuts need to be readjusted to help the middleclass. Although, Kerry does agree with Bush on abortion and gay rights and same-sex marriages because of religious beliefs, he wants abortion to remain a woman’s right, and make acknowledgement and provide protection to those in same-sex relationships. Like Bush, Kerry recognizes the high need to change education, health care, and the environment, so that more people are able to benefit from them. In the end, it came down to who agrees with the candidates on abortion and same-sex relationships, and which polices were more favored by the people. This presidency campaign was definitely a close one, which President Bush squeezed out after Senator Kerry conceded Ohio. George W. Bush and John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Campaign Once every four years an important decision is placed in the hands of the people, who will reign as president over the...

Public Health Paper on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study Research

Public Health on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study - Research Paper Example Notably, SARS is a highly contagious and airborne infection caused by mutant viral strains. The disease is characterized with acute fever, headaches, muscle pains and breathing problems, just to mention a few. Its pandemics have been observed in various parts of the world, including; China, the UK and Canada and in some sections of the United States. So far, the most effective control measure put forward to combat the menace is controlled movement and quarantine, while antibiotics and antiviral drugs are also used in it management. In this case, the ethical concerns surrounding SARS are critically reviewed. Several ethical considerations should be taken into account in proposing public health strategic plans. Firstly, the program to be implemented must be in a position to promote benefits of the individual and community involved. Since programs are hardly seamless, chances of encountering impediments in the public health program are very high. As a result, the proposed program must be able to aid in alleviation, prevention and total elimination of harm (Petrini, 2013). In cases where the challenges cannot be fully eliminated, the program to be implemented should be in a position to balance the harm and the benefits that are likely to result from its implementation. This implies that in order for the strategy to be enforced to be fully acceptable, it must exhibit an ability to fairly distribute the benefits and burdens to be incurred in it. Also, the plan should be able to promote public participation thus giving a chance to the affected populations to be heard, and an opportunity to ai r their concerns. Through such allowance of the public participation, there should be due respect for autonomy and liberty of the masses. Further, respect to privacy and confidentiality is vital if specific programs are to be acceptable

Applied Learning Assignment Agency and Employment

Applied Learning Agency and Employment - Assignment Example Both parties might be found through the principle of vicarious liability, which holds the employer as secondarily responsible for the torts of the employees. Therefore, the driver will become liable for primary liability while the trucking company will become liable for the vicarious/secondary liability. The trucking company would not have to indemnify the employee driver, since under independent contract relationship; the employer is not primarily responsible for the actions of the independent contractor. 8. Assume that all of the plaintiffs listed in Question 2 above sue both of the defendants in Question 3 above. Also assume the jury finds that both parties are responsible and awards a large judgment to the plaintiffs. If the court does not specify how much each defendant will pay, which of the following is true? 9. In class, we have learned there are two circumstances under which a court will allow a jury to consider whether punitive damages are in order. Identify the circumstances and state whether each would apply to each of the defendants in this case. 10. Assume the state where this accident occurred has a law similar to the one in Indiana regarding punitive damages. If punitive damages were awarded to the plaintiffs in this case, which of the following is true? If the trucking company had authorized or was responsible for causing the driver t work excess hours that are in excess of the provision of the law, the trucking company would be criminally liable for violating the law, and thus liable for criminal

Assessing HRD need is important in developing strategic HRD process Essay

Assessing HRD need is important in developing strategic HRD process - Essay Example The role of HRD in modern organizations has been extensively emphasized in the literature; emphasis is given though on the potential complexity and the increased needs of HRD plans, a fact that has led to the assumption that the development of effective HRD policies requires the active support of both the employer and the employees. Current paper focuses on the examination of a particular aspect of HRD: the development of strategic HRD process. Reference is made specifically to the relationship between this process and the assessment of HRD need. The examination of the literature published in the particular field has revealed that indeed the accurate and appropriate assessment of HRD need can increase the chances for the successful development of strategic HRD process; however, the terms under which the interaction between the above two activities/ processes can be developed are not always clear. It seems that the conditions in the internal and the external organizational environment can affect the level at which the assessment of HR need affects the development of strategic HRD process. All the potential aspects of the above relationship are examined and critically analyzed in this paper using examples – as possible – from relevant organizational practices. ... terprises of all sizes; however, the forms of HRD that each of these enterprises decide to implement is differentiated – usually being depended on the organizational needs, the resources available and the benefits expected. Indicative forms of HRD are the following ones: ‘the training sessions for employees in various departments, the career planning projects and the participation in a wide change effort of the organization’ (Werner et al 2008, p.4). It is also noted that the development of effective HRD policies is depended on the existence of the relevant resources; for this reason, before proceeding to the establishment of a particular HRD plan, the managers involved need to ensure that the resources required for the execution of the plan are available – or, at least, that they will be available in the short term (Werner et al. 2008). Through a similar point of view, Reid et al. (2004) noted that HRD is a key process for enterprises of all sizes; however , it is explained that not all employers manage to understand the needs or the value of the specific process. Moreover, the ability of managers to respond to the needs of the HRD policies is often limited – under the influence of personal perceptions on organizational priorities and values (Reid et al 2004). At the next level, Reid et al (2004) state that the responsibility of managers involved in HRD policies can be differentiated – more specifically, differences have been identified in ‘managerial responsibility for learning, development and training’ (Reid et al. 2004, p.118) – a fact that it is negatively criticized by the above researchers. It is suggested that the responsibility of HR managers for the various phases of the HRD process should be equal securing their high level of engagement to

Investigation of Equality and Diversity Strategy in an Organisation Essay - 2

Investigation of Equality and Diversity Strategy in an Organisation - Essay Example This essay explores four aspects which represent the meaningful description of HRM: a particular collection of assumptions and beliefs, a strategic force informing decisions regarding people management, the central participation of line supervisors, and dependence upon a collection of forces to shape employment relationship. HRM’s core objective is to make sure the accessibility of competent and committed employees in an organization. The other main objectives are as follows: Societal objectives: To be socially and ethically responsible towards the challenges and needs of the society. The company should utilize their resources in favor of the benefit of society. Organizational objectives: To identify the function of human resource management in bringing the organizational efficiency. Functional objectives: There must be a proper agreement between the needs of the organization and the HRM division’s service. The demands of the organization should be served well by the HRM. Personal objective: To help employees in attaining their personal objectives. Employee’s personal objective can be met when employees are maintained, preserved and motivated. Functions of HRM: To accomplish the above objectives, two types of functions are performed by HRM. The first one is managerial function and the other is the operative function. Managerial function comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Whereas, the operative function comprises of procurement of workers, development of employees, compensation function, integration, maintenance function, separation function, career development, and performance appraisal. Operative functions are also known as staff functions or service functions. Other functions are performance appraisal and performance management system. The â€Å"soft approach† of HRM is best characterized by the humanist model of Harvard School, laid its emphasis upon value-added feature of HRM. It is nearly connected with a resource-based vision of the organization which considers the unique nature of implied competencies and skills of workers as the main source of economic advantage. It is f ramed by the objectives of a business, but the stress is given on those portions that make workers a distinctive resource, one which is competent in offering the competitive advantage and encourage intrinsic motivation. It treats employees as esteemed contributors towards the organization, thereby, paying attention towards their motivation, building up trust, and providing development prospects.

Nationality and international judicial process Essay

Nationality and international judicial process - Essay Example There should be no limitation into individual efforts in acquiring nationality or properly too while changing it. It is designed to be an easy task when a person applies for nationality in a country more so by law. Equally, when one intends to forfeit/forego accorded nationality, then simple procedures should be followed. On the other hand, international law confines are configured around the individual state supremacy and thus the judicial administration is designed to serve the international community. It is therefore formulated for and by the cooperation of individual states that consent onto alike ideals of governance and justice procedures. However, for the interest of the common good of all humanity, there are obligations to the international community to oversee justice and lawful governance even to the countries that are non partisans to the international treaties that bind member countries to the common international justice. This is because human beings have been â€Å"soc ialized† in conflict resolution through amicable manners. Nevertheless, supremacy of the state often holds the mandate to establish solution giving mechanisms to cases requiring legal arbitration. In the event of arbitrations that are beyond a state scope, especially those involving other states, arbitration is done centrally by a central tribunal under the watch of international community. Certain basics hold as pertains to these procedures. The tribunals are formed by consent of many states who also give guidelines on the operations. The associates of the states are by default linked to the tribunal. All the procedures are well monitored under commonly accepted codes of operations. This essay therefore intends to evaluate the ways in which nationality aspect is relevant into the confines of international law. We intend to show how nationality holds when it comes to the judicial field beyond the borders of supreme state. Are there provisions that explain the levels of soverei gnty of nationals of particular states as opposed to others? What is the jurisdiction provision on the matter that pertains to statelessness or refugees? What are the relationship spheres of a sovereign state and her nationals when it comes to crime against humanity or any other international crime committed either within the respective country’s borders or the international scene? Discussion We start by evaluating nationality and its meaning. It started with the states forming the basic blocks of the international law but later on a relationship between the states and individual persons led to reconsideration of nationals as regards to the international law. Through this then, international law encompassed an individual and state. Sloane, say that inclusion of nationality in â€Å"international law† mediated accompanying obligations and persona rights. The initial intention was towards offering diplomatic protection, state responsibility, war, extradition and jurisdic tion (2009, 1-2). Therefore, the best way to understand nationality is in terms of the legal bundles of protection or individual duties and rights to an individual person accustomed to at state or at international level. Though an individual has a formal entitlement of sense of belonging to either one or more states through the single or dual nationality procedures, everyone is bound to the terms espoused to by the country’s legal framework. However, the basic significance legal consequence of nationality remains in individual state to which a

Leadership in a Changing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership in a Changing Environment - Essay Example There are many ways in which Kirsty’s leadership approach has been reflected in the modern leadership theory. Based on modern understanding of a good leadership style, leaders are expected to be able to inspire another person to increase their drive in achieving the organizational goals (Northhouse, 2010, pp. 3 – 4). Aside from having confidence in managing a group of employees, modern leaders are expected to have the desire to lead, be honest, and have sufficient knowledge in managing the business (ibid). Clear evidence in the shift from a traditional leadership approach to a modern leadership approach is her decision to move from the use of transactional leadership style to transformational. In the past, Kirsty as a manager was a control freak. In line with this, most of the managers who adopt the use of old transactional leadership style approach ends up using authoritative power when handling and managing the people. Because of the increase in tight competition within the domestic and global markets, the need to encourage and inspire employees to become self-reliant becomes more in demand. Instead of managing the company using top-down approach, the idea of promoting interaction between the leaders and subordinates has gained importance within the modern HR theories. In a top-down management technique, decision-making power with regards to the allocation of available resources, planning and controlling how to spend the money is highly centralized and concentrated with the business leaders. There is a saying that two-heads is always better than one. Since decision-making process is solely dependent with the managers and business owners, the problem with the use of pure top-down management approach is that the business leaders and owners are not able to consider the personal opinion and suggestions coming from the bottom-line employees. Therefore, there is a bigger possibility that the top management will end up making a wrong business

Investigation of Equality and Diversity Strategy in an Organisation Essay - 2

Investigation of Equality and Diversity Strategy in an Organisation - Essay Example This essay explores four aspects which represent the meaningful description of HRM: a particular collection of assumptions and beliefs, a strategic force informing decisions regarding people management, the central participation of line supervisors, and dependence upon a collection of forces to shape employment relationship. HRM’s core objective is to make sure the accessibility of competent and committed employees in an organization. The other main objectives are as follows: Societal objectives: To be socially and ethically responsible towards the challenges and needs of the society. The company should utilize their resources in favor of the benefit of society. Organizational objectives: To identify the function of human resource management in bringing the organizational efficiency. Functional objectives: There must be a proper agreement between the needs of the organization and the HRM division’s service. The demands of the organization should be served well by the HRM. Personal objective: To help employees in attaining their personal objectives. Employee’s personal objective can be met when employees are maintained, preserved and motivated. Functions of HRM: To accomplish the above objectives, two types of functions are performed by HRM. The first one is managerial function and the other is the operative function. Managerial function comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Whereas, the operative function comprises of procurement of workers, development of employees, compensation function, integration, maintenance function, separation function, career development, and performance appraisal. Operative functions are also known as staff functions or service functions. Other functions are performance appraisal and performance management system. The â€Å"soft approach† of HRM is best characterized by the humanist model of Harvard School, laid its emphasis upon value-added feature of HRM. It is nearly connected with a resource-based vision of the organization which considers the unique nature of implied competencies and skills of workers as the main source of economic advantage. It is f ramed by the objectives of a business, but the stress is given on those portions that make workers a distinctive resource, one which is competent in offering the competitive advantage and encourage intrinsic motivation. It treats employees as esteemed contributors towards the organization, thereby, paying attention towards their motivation, building up trust, and providing development prospects.

Leadership in a Changing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership in a Changing Environment - Essay Example There are many ways in which Kirsty’s leadership approach has been reflected in the modern leadership theory. Based on modern understanding of a good leadership style, leaders are expected to be able to inspire another person to increase their drive in achieving the organizational goals (Northhouse, 2010, pp. 3 – 4). Aside from having confidence in managing a group of employees, modern leaders are expected to have the desire to lead, be honest, and have sufficient knowledge in managing the business (ibid). Clear evidence in the shift from a traditional leadership approach to a modern leadership approach is her decision to move from the use of transactional leadership style to transformational. In the past, Kirsty as a manager was a control freak. In line with this, most of the managers who adopt the use of old transactional leadership style approach ends up using authoritative power when handling and managing the people. Because of the increase in tight competition within the domestic and global markets, the need to encourage and inspire employees to become self-reliant becomes more in demand. Instead of managing the company using top-down approach, the idea of promoting interaction between the leaders and subordinates has gained importance within the modern HR theories. In a top-down management technique, decision-making power with regards to the allocation of available resources, planning and controlling how to spend the money is highly centralized and concentrated with the business leaders. There is a saying that two-heads is always better than one. Since decision-making process is solely dependent with the managers and business owners, the problem with the use of pure top-down management approach is that the business leaders and owners are not able to consider the personal opinion and suggestions coming from the bottom-line employees. Therefore, there is a bigger possibility that the top management will end up making a wrong business

Functions, Trends and Nature of Ownership and Control in the British Mass Media Essay Example for Free

Functions, Trends and Nature of Ownership and Control in the British Mass Media Essay In this piece of writing I will attempt to explain the functions, trends and nature of ownership and control in the British Mass Media. At the end I will describe the features of a Mass Media conglomerate. The Mass media is basically any style of text or image that is viewed by a lot of people. For example T.V, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, billboards, etc are all forms of mass media. Some of these can reach millions of people like T. V, where as newspapers usually reach hundreds of thousands and so on. The media gives us things like, news, entertainment, advertising etc. TELEVISION: Television is the biggest form of media in the UK and in most countries in the world. There are two main types of T.V in the UK, public funded and independent. The BBC is publicly funded by T.V licence fees of around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 that cover all BBC related audio visual broadcasting. The government does not have any direct influence over what is shown on T.V although there are regulators who decide what is acceptable and what is not. The BBC is controlled by their board of governors of which there are twelve who are appointed by the Crown to ensure that the BBC fulfils its obligations. Among them are National Governors for Scotland, Wales and N. Ireland. One Governor has special responsibility for the English Regions. All are part time non-executives. They meet monthly and hold the BBCs managers to account for their performance against the agreed strategy and objectives. The BBC is led by the director-general, who is both chief executive and editor-in-chief. The Governors appoint the Director-General and (with the Director-General) the most senior management. BBC operations are run by the directors of nine programming and broadcasting divisions and six professional services, and by the Chief executives of the BBCs two commercial businesses. They report to the director-general and together make up the Executive Committee. A less formal Leadership Group meets to discuss and develop a clear vision for the BBC. The independents are controlled by themselves. However thy may be part of a bigger conglomerate. The ITV is a federation of television companies holding licences from the Independent Television Commission (ITC) to broadcast in 14 regions covering the whole of the United Kingdom. Each licence is awarded for a minimum of ten years. The ITV network has 15 independent regional television licences in 14 regional areas (there are 2 licences for London, a weekday and a weekend licence). All programmes are designed for local audiences in each region. The ITV is controlled by the ITV Council, comprising the Chief Executives of each licensee. Each ITV licensee has rights over the programme schedule, and is responsible for the production and broadcasting of its own local programme and news services. The ITV and its independent companies are regulated and licensed by the ITC. The ITC is independent of the Government and of the broadcasters. They are funded from fees that the licensees have to pay. The ITC makes sure that the independent and commercial licensees provide quality programs and a high standard of competition among other things. They also set certain standards for the time allocated to certain styles of programmes. There are five categories of channel 3 programmes for which the ITC sets minimum requirements. These are, * National and International news Three programmes each day of 20 minutes (lunch), 15 minutes (early evening) and half an hour in peak time. * Current affairs One and a half hours weekly average * Children Ten hours weekly average * Religion Two hours weekly average * Regional Varies from franchise to franchise Although the ITC is involved in licensing and regulating all forms of digital television, the Broadcasting Act 1996 makes it specifically responsible for establishing Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) in the UK. DTT is especially important because it carries existing free-to-air services provided by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 (S4C in Wales) and Channel 5. At present, T.V broadcasting is mainly analogue, however within the next five years it will all be digital. Digital T.V will bring a bigger choice of programmes to watch, as it will have on average 200 stations. You can already do shopping and go on the internet with digital T.V, but by the time it takes over analogue completely it will have many more options and facilities. NEWSPAPERS: There are many distinguishing features in the British Press. Some of these are things like the differences between tabloid and broadsheet papers or the differences between national, local and regional papers. There are ten morning daily papers and ten Sunday papers which make up the national press. Fleet Street in London used to be the centre of the newspaper industry, but all the national papers have moved their editorial and printing facilities to other parts of London or away from the capital all together. National papers are often described as quality,mid-market or popularpapers because of their differences in style and content. Five dailies and four Sundays are usualy described as qualitie papers. These papers are directed at people who want full information on a wide range of public maters. Popular newspapers are for the more light hearted reader. Mid-market publications cover the intermediate market. Quality papers are normally broadsheet (large-sheet) in format and mid-market and popular papers are tabloid (small-sheet) in size. Scottish editions of national papers usually only change things like the sports page and the T.V listings. Most places in the UK have their own regional or local newspaper. These can be anything from daily papers to evening ones, Sundays or weeklies. These papers concentrate mainly on local or regional stories although the dailies do print national and international news from a local viewpoint. Newspapers from the Irish Republic and the British national press are widely read in Northern Ireland. Several hundred free distribution papers, mostly weekly and financed by advertising, are published in the UK. They have enjoyed rapid growth in recent years. Ownership of the national, London and many regional daily newspapers lies in the hands of large corporations, most of which are involved in the whole field of publishing and communications (media conglomerates). Local papers however are owned by different companies altogether. Newspapers are also controlled by their boards of management. It is possible for two national papers to be owned by the same company and they can even be owned by broadcasting companies as a separate division, however influence between the two types of media is not recommended. There are local weekly papers for every district in Greater London; these are often different local editions of one centrally published paper. This does not just happen in London. A prime example of this in our area would be the Press and Journal. It covers the North of Scotland as well as some southern areas as far down as Perth and Stirling, but it produces different editions for every area of which there are eleven. These editions are classed as local editions. All newspapers are answerable to the press complaints commission, which responds to public complaints about printed items. RADIO: There are basically two types of radio in the UK. There is Commercial Radio and The BBC Radio. The Radio Authority governs commercial radio stations such as Moray Firth radio and XFM. The radio authority is basically the ITC of the radio. Like the ITC it also has no powers over the BBC. The BBC is fully independent. Although there are far more Commercial radio stations than BBC ones, the BBC is still ahead in ratings. The gap between BBC Radio and its commercial rivals has widened recently to show BBC Radio to have a share of 51.4% compared with 46.79% for Commercial Radio. In the neck-and-neck race for reach, the BBC edged ahead with 31.2 million listeners compared with their rivals 31.1 million. The figures released by RAJAR (Radio Joint Audience Research Limited) cover the period from June 26 to September 17 2000. Radio can change on a daily basis because the control of its output is not restricted. The format usually stays the same although major changes in presentation can happen from time to time. Independent radio station change depending on their income and audience. The better the audience the better the sponsorships and advertisers. Things like audience talk shows on radio where members of the audience can phone in and participate are very successful. The BBC and large independent radio companies are controlled in the same way as they are on T.V. Although the majority are part of larger groups, local radio is controlled by local management. These groups use their own style in the local stations but adapt it to suit the area of broadcast. VOLENTARY IN-VOLENTARY CODES OF PRACTICE: Independent T.V and radio are quite strictly controlled by the ITC and Radio Authority, but magazines and newspapers have more freedom. These, along with the BBC, ITV, Press Complaints Commission and the Broadcasting Standards all enforce their own codes of practice throughout the media. However, the law has the final say in control of the media in the following areas: Defamation: A statement which damages the reputation of an individual or company, i.e. false accusations, libel, innuendos, etc. Obscenity: The publication or broadcasting of material which will tend to deprave or corrupt. Incitement of racial hatred: 1986 public order act forbids material which is likely to incite racial hatred. Blasphemy: To pass the limits of decency and controversy and outrage Christian feelings. Only applies to Christians. Sedation: Forbids the publication of material that incites hatred towards parliament or the monarch. Official secrets act: Forbids the publication of official secrets. Contempt of court: Forbids you from pre judging a court case or to assume someone is guilty. MASS MEDIA CONGLOERATE: Carlton Media Group: The Carlton Media Group runs the following sixteen companies: Carlton London Region The London Region is one of three areas for which Carlton TV is the ITV broadcaster. Visit the site for regional company news. Carlton Central Region The Central Region is one of three areas for which Carlton TV is the ITV broadcaster. Visit the site for regional company news. Carlton International Carlton International is the largest distributor of classic British films and the biggest sales house for British TV outside the BBC. ITN ITN is one of the most respected independent news organisations in the world catering for news, sport, business and entertainments. Carlton West Country Region The West Country Region is one of three areas for which Carlton TV is the ITV broadcaster. Visit the site for regional company news. ITV Carries information about programmes on the ITV network. Action Time Television production company Action Time is a leading distributor of entertainments formats, including an extensive home video clip library. London News Network LNN is a TV and production company working for joint shareholders Carlton and LWT. Carlton Cinema Carlton cinema is a film channel available exclusively on On digital. Visit the website for comprehensive movie listings. Media Sales For information on rates, screen advertising, pitch time, sponsorship and career opportunities at Carlton. Carlton Communications Plc Carlton Communications Plc is the publicly quoted parent company of Carlton Media and other related media companies. Click here for the share price, financial and other investor information. ONdigital ONdigital was the first company in the world to launch a digital terrestrial television service delivering multi-channel TV and interactive services into homes through an ordinary TV aerial. Visit the website for listings. Simply Food SimplyFood.co.uk is the UKs No.1 food and drink website and home to the Carlton Food Network. It has a searchable UK restaurant guide and a database of thousands of recipes, plus features and reviews. Carlton Video On the Carlton Video website you can buy videos and DVDs of many of Carltons programmes and films, including classics like Inspector Morse, Soldier Soldier, and Britain at War. PeopleBank PeopleBank is the UKs leading provider of internet recruitment services, bringing together quality candidates and employers. Online since 1995, PeopleBank has extensive experience in providing cost-effective e-recruitment solutions. HTV HTV, the ITV broadcaster for Wales, was recently bought by Carlton TV. Visit the site of the most popular channel in Wales. They also have Carlton Books. This shows that Carlton cover broadcasting, publishing, the internet, advertising, and marketing. This means that if Carlton have a successful income level from one of there companies it can benefit all of them and in turn make them more desirable to the public. Because of this they can use control there revenue a lot better without having to pay other companies to do things like marketing. They sell advertising space to make the initial money to fund projects such as a new drama series. They can then market and publish their own material and because they own all the copyright they can expand by using the internet. Although there is a national guideline concerning who owns what and the amount of fields you can spread into to prevent companies from becoming all powerful and swallowing up smaller companies, Carlton still has its eye on Direct. This is a group who run insurance and holiday companies. At present, Carlton are biding for the Scottish Media Group who have two radio stations, a newspaper group, Scottish and Grampian television. If they are successful in their bid, they will be able to grow to new heights and spread into both radio and print forms of media quite successfully in Scotland. Functions of the Mass Media: There are five main functions in the mass media. Entertainment functions: This provides healthy amusement and helps to divert the attention of the audience from serious social issues and inequalities. Information functions: This helps to structure a particular view of the world and to look at it in geographical, political and social terms. Cultural functions: This helps to develop mass culture at the expense of more diverse subcultures. That helps to maintain the status quo in cultural terms, but may also discourage change and growth. Social functions: These socialize us into beliefs and relationships which help us operate successfully in society. This naturalizes one view of society and stops us thinking, obtaining and acting on alternative views. Political functions: This helps us to understand the operation of politics in our society. However, it gives us the illusion of participating in the political process, but actually endorses the authority of those who continue to run our lives unquestioned. The media are also capable of shaping opinions about political events and issues. Current Trends in the Mass Media: When you think of current trends in the media at the moment two things come to mind, digital and conglomerates. A lot of companies are trying to branch out into other fields of the media at the moment. The Scottish media group for one are trying to expand their interests in radio although this could cause problems with its T.V. franchises. There are regulations set up to prevent certain big companies from taking over the media by branching ever wider into it. However there are discussions about these regulations which could result in big firms having huge ownership or control over certain areas of the mass media. The main trend of the moment has to be the evolution from analogue to digital. T.V. and radio are all a part of the growing trend and it doesnt look like its going to stop there. Already you can tune in to the radio through digital T.V. as well as go on the internet, shop, play games, the opportunities are endless. The future however lies with a fully digital T.V. without the aid of ugly dishes on the side of your house or cumbersome boxes on top of you tele. With this you will be able to access anything you want. There will be no set programs, no times, just you, your T.V. and the whole media world at your fingertips. You will be able to pick anything to watch, read, here, play, buy, or do from your tele. This astonishing development is proving very expensive to produce, run, and buy if it is ever released. If it is released it will be the main media related technological break through in history.

Hip hop music

Hip hop music Muziekstijl 20e eeuw HIPHOP Voorwoord Ik heb voor de muziekstijl hiphop gekozen omdat ik vind dat hier de laatste tijd de meeste aandacht naar uitgaat. Ik wil graag weten hoe de hiphop, rappers en alles eromheen was ontstaan en hoe dat is uitgegroeid tot de hiphop die we nu kennen. Geschiedenis van Hiphop. DJ Kool Herc Het hiphop verhaal begint met Kool Herc, een immigrant van Jamaicaanse afkomst. Op buurtfeesten (blockparties) intorduceerde hij het Toasting. Hij rijmde over de reggae muziek heen. Hij gebruikte hierbij twee draaitafel waarmee hij wisselde tussen verschillende liedjes, een heel ander geluid ontstond hierdoor. Het rijmen kreeg een naam: MCing, dit staat voor Master of Ceremony. Het DJ-en beviel Kool Herc wel en hij liet het rappen totaal over aan Coke Ja Rock en Clark Kent. Het eerste rapteam was geboren en ze kregen de naam: Kool Herc and the Herculoids. Kool Herc was de grondlegger van de rapmuziek, maar hij was niet de uitvinder van het scratchen. Hierbij wordt een plaat in de tegengestelde richting gedraaid en dit geeft een typisch krassend geluid wat veel wordt gebruikt in de rapmuziek. Het verhaal gaat dat Grand Wizard Theodore het scratchen per ongeluk heeft uitgevonden. Toen zijn moeder hem riep dat de muziek te hard stond, hield hij de draaiende plaat tegen en hierbij hoorde hij het scratchende geluid dat de plaat maake Evolutie van hiphop Sugarhill gang RUN DMC heeft ook nog een twee primeur op zijn naam staan, ze waren de eerste die samen een song componeerde met een rockgroep, aerosmith. Dit nummer is vrij bekend: walk this way. Hierna ging het snel met de rapmuziek, sterren volgden elkaar op en eind jaren 80 kwam er een nieuwe stijl op de markt. Het geluid was minder ruw en er werd gebruikt gemaakt van samples. Een sampler is een apparaat waarmee een stukje muziek zoals een baslijn of een drumritme apart kan worden opgenomen. In die tijd ontstonden er ook copyrights. Artiesten klaagden andere artiesten aan omdat er stukjes van hun muziek werden gebruikt. Begin jaren 90 word door velen het creatief hoogtepunt genoemd. Er ontstaan veel nieuwe groepen met een nieuwe sound. Hierbij gebruikten ze veel samples uit oude soul-, funk-, en jazzplaten, dit gaf hun producties een rustiger en artistieker geluid. Tegenwoordig is de rapmuziek een muzieksoort waarin miljarden dollars per jaar worden omgezet. Er valt veel geld te verdienen in deze industrie en daarom proberen veel nieuwe artiesten door te breken! Tegenwoordig worden veel stijlen gemixt, zoals Rap met RB of heavy metal. Sommigen vinden dat dit ten koste gaat van de muziek, omdat zij de muzieksoort liever underground houden en vinden dat de huidige hiphopcultuur niks meer te maken heeft met graffiti en breakdance. Anderen zien in de huidige en nieuwe rapmuziek een nieuwe commercià «le muziekstroming die gewoon lekker in het gehoor ligt. Waarden en normen van hiphop vroeger Orgineel is hiphop begonnen als een underground sfeer die altijd moest opboksen tegen het onbegrip van de media. Hiphoppers waren in die tijd zeer op zichzelf aangewezen. Hierdoor was het voor buitenstaanders in die tijd heel moeilijk om de hiphoppers te begrijpen. De hiphop werd praktisch door elke radiostation geweigerd en dit zorgde voor een bang tussen de hiphoppers onderling. Hiphop bevat ook altijd een boodschap, deze was meestal niet al te kleurrijk want het schetste meestal een beeld van de uitzichtloze toestand waarin de mensen in de zwarte gettos in leefden. Orginaliteit is ook een belangrijk element in de hiphop, je kan bepaalde elementen overnemen van andere artiesten, maar zorg ervoor dat je altijd je eigen stijl eraan toevoegd. Waarden en normen van hiphop nu Hiphop heeft een enorme opmars gemaakt, dankzij de commercià «le wereld is hiphop groot geworden. Hiphop werd vroeger genegeerd, maar tegenwoordig is het niet meer weg te denken uit de hitlijsten. Dit is wel ten koste gegaan van de oorspronkelijke waarden die de hiphop zo interessant maakten. De orginele band die hiphoppers met elkaar hadden, heeft plaatst moeten maken voor geld. Hiphoppers passen zich tegenwoordig vaak aan aan de consument. De oorspronkelijke waarden hebben moeten wijken voor het geld. Maatschappij In de hiphop van nu hoor je niets meer van de oorspronkelijke waarden. De teksten zijn in tegenstelling tot de eerdere hiphop inhoudsloos en de deuntjes zijn troef. Orginele nummers worden niet meer gedraaid want alles gaat op kijk- en/of luistercijfers en niet op echtheid. De nummers die duidelijke maatschappelijke meningen of zwarte statement bevatten worden achterwege gelaten, terwijl dit de hoofdwaarde van de hiphop is. Uiterlijke kenmerken van hiphop Gedrag In de hiphop draait het vooral om respect. Niet alleen respect voor jezelf, maar ook voor anderen. Dit krijg je door je skills, goed rappen of dansen, gewaagde graffiti te maken, veel van je muziek te weten of de juiste kleding te dragen. Maar ook je houding is erg belangrijk. Cool zijn, echt zijn, rustig blijven en stoer doen. Hiphop draait om originaliteit, je mag best dingen kopià «ren, maar dan moet je je eigen draai eraan geven. Je moet jouw manier van denken en verwerken in je muziek, graffiti, breakdance of iets anders. Je moet je eigen ding doen en geen kopie zijn van een ander. Het spelen met woorden, het anders dan anderen zijn. Een hiphopper is maatschappijkritisch hij heeft respect voor anderen, maar hij maakt zich niet zo druk over wat anderen van hem denken. De allereerste hiphoppers waren heel clean. Drugsgebruik en sigaretten waren taboe onder breakdancers. Maar hiphop komt van de straat en drugs raken vooral de jaren negentig snel geÃÆ' ¯ntegreerd in de scà ¨ne. Veel hiphoppers gaan blowen en drinken alcohol. Voor veel jongeren is de hiphop een leerschool. Door hiphop ontwikkelen ze hun eigen identiteit en krijgen ze zelfvertrouwen. Hiphop geeft je de ruimte jezelf te ontdekken. Wie je bent, wat je voelt, maakt niet uit. Hiphop gebruikt wijsheden, over het leven, over de maatschappij. Het ideaal van veel hiphoppers is om van hun hiphopactiviteiten te kunnen leven. Die activiteiten kosten vaak veel tijd en energie waardoor niet zelden school en werk op een tweede plaats komen te staan. Religie Religie neemt geen bijzondere plek in binnen hiphop. Een bescheiden aantal rappers draagt wel een religieuze boodschap uit, maar het komt vaker voor dat een spirituele, oosterse denkwijze in de teksten verweven zit. Taalgebruik en muziek Hiphop is een levensstijl, een sub- en straatcultuur waarbij rap de taal van de straat is. Hiphoppers en rappers gaan creatief met taal om. Rappers, DJs en producers bedenken bijnamen en hiphoppers creà «ren met een mix van Amerikaans en Nederlands taalgebruik hun eigen ding. Hiphop word ook gekenmerkt door de grote hoeveelheid woorden die in een nummer zit. Dit heeft ervoor gezorgd dat de inhoud van raps in de media terechtkwamen. Daarbij ging het om de opschepperij over zichzelf, of bijvoorbeeld door de schockerende teksten die op de platen te horen was. Hiphop gaat nog steeds vaak over woede, vergeldig, het zware leven, seks, relaties en de samenleving. Kleding Vanaf de begin jaren 80 dragen hiphoppers al sportschoenen, honkbalpetter, trainingsbroeken in felgekleurde stoffen met de bijbehorende kettingen. Hierbij is de hophopcultuur de eerste jongerencultuur die het traingspak omarmt. Als hiphop na 1985 aan terrein wint, verandert ook de hiphopmode. De glimmende, kleurige trainingspakken maken geleidelijk plaats voor strakke spijkerbroeken, leren baseballjacks, sweaters met capuchon, sportschoenen van Adidas en baseballpetten. Begin jaren negentig dragen hiphoppers wijde broeken, houthakkersblouses, T-shirts, sweaters met capuchon en sportschoenen. Ook dunne en dikke bodywarmers zijn populair. Nadat de hiphopscà ¨ne begin jaren negentig een vermainstreaming ondergaat, raakt het uiterlijke vertoon van luxe artikelen in een opmars. In clips voeren regelmatig grote autos, geld, dure merkkleding en gouden kettingen de boventoon. Rappers hebben iets bereikt en willen dat laten zien. Veel hiphoppers gaan van authentieke straatkleding over op het dragen van steeds duurdere merken. Veel rappers hebben tegenwoordig hun eigen kledingmerk. Inmiddels zijn de wijde oversized broek, (sport)schoenen (Nike, Adidas, Timbaland), T-shirts, sweaters met capuchon en een baseballpet in trek. De kleding is dus over het algemeen oversized, gemakkelijk zittend en veel bewegingsruimte toelatend. Het kapsel is over het algemeen kort. Kapsels die populair zijn, zijn onder andere dreadlocks en grote krullen. Voor meisjes was het ook populair om gekleurde plukken in hun haar te doen en hun haar te ontkroesen Doordat hiphop in de loop der jaren is veranderd en aan populariteit heeft gewonnen, is ook de kledingstijl veranderd. De gedachte dat je origineler moet zijn dan de ander maakt dat tevens de kledingstijl regelmatig veranderd. Kleding is om op te vallen, het kopià «ren van een stijl is fout binnen hiphop. Het gaat om het ontwikkelen van je eigen stijl en identiteit. De basis van hiphopkleding is om rebellie en being different uit te drukken. Instrumenten De instrumenten die werden gebruikt in de hiphop waren vooral de draaitafel, de drumcomputer en samples. Maar het allerbelangrijkst, vooral in de vroegere hiphop was dat je muziek kon maken zonder instrumenten. Met meerdere mensen kon je een hele goede beat maken. De een beatboxde, de andere deed aparte beatjes erbij, weer een andere deed de bas met zijn stem en de ander rapte. 4 onderdelen van de hiphop 1. DJ Turntablism Turntablism vat alles samen wat met turntables (draaitafels) te maken heeft. De turntablist (dj) maakt gebruik van twee turntables en probeert daar het maximale uit te halen aan geluiden, ritmes en beats. Alhoewel djs oorspronkelijk alleen de MCs begeleidden zijn er ook veel djs die zich alleen bezig houden met het creà «ren van de instrumentale vorm van rapmuziek. Er worden jaarlijks grote battles (wedstrijden) gehouden waarin de djs met de beste skills worden gekozen. De meest toonaangevende toernooien zijn de ITF (International Turntable Federation) en DMC battles waaraan djs uit de hele wereld deelnemen. De meeste Turntablists maken deel uit van collectieven. Enkele bekende collectieven zijn: X-ecutioners, The Allies, Beat Junkies, 5th Platoon en The invisble Skratch Piklz. Enkele termen zijn: Beat juggling Hierbij wordt een continu ritme gecreà «erd door de beats van twee verschillende platen af te wisselen. De snelheid kan aangepast worden waardoor een nieuwe beat ontstaat. Het handmatig op en neer draaien van een plaat waardoor een scratchend krassend geluid ontstaat. Er zijn met het mengpaneel verschillende geluidseffecten te maken terwijl wordt gescratched. In Turntable battles is het de kunst zo origineel mogelijk te zijn in het creà «ren van nieuwe geluiden, ritmes en effecten. Een jury bepaalt wie de winnaar is. De jongste winnaar van alle toonaangevende battles Is DJ A-Trak uit Canada. Op zijn vijftiende won hij zijn eerste wereldtitel. A-Trak zat toen nog gewoon op de middelbare school en versloeg alle turntable-grootheden. Tegenwoordig zit hij bij The Allies en is nog steeds een van de beste Turntablists. Dat mag ook wel, hij oefent zon 4 a 5 uur per dag. 2. Graffiti. Sinds het begin der tijden hebben mensen op muren geschilderd. De Neanderthaler deed het de Egyptenaren deden het, de Romeinen deden het enzovoort. In WOII werd er veel gekalkt, het was een vorm van verzet en daarom ook levensgevaarlijk. Na de oorlog werd er minder op de muren geschreven. In de jaren 50 bakende Amerikaanse jongerenbendes hun territorium af met op de muren gekalkte merktekens te zetten. In de jaren 60 werd het mode zijn politieke keuzes op allerlei gebouwen te zetten. Groepen jongeren wilden de maatschappij duidelijk maken dat opvattingen en verhoudingen aan vernieuwing en verandering toe waren. Dankzij de technische ontwikkeling werden er naast krijt ook spuitbussen en viltstiften gebruikt. Graffiti is à ©Ãƒ ©n van de 4 pijlers van de hiphopbeweging en het verspreide zich samen met de hiphop over de hele wereld. Maar jammer genoeg is niet alle graffiti legaal, hier en daar komen er legale zones waar de graffitispuiters hun gang kunnen gaan, maar op de meeste plaatsen blijft graffiti nog illegaal. Zo is er een nieuw graffitibeleid aangekondigd, zodat de daders voortaan op gevangenisstraffen kunnen rekenen. Ondanks alles groei de acceptatie van de kunstvorm. Steeds meer mensen komen tot de conclusie dat graffiti niet alleen maar ongecontroleerd kladwerk is. De meeste houden er na een vrij korte tijd mee op, niet zelden na een dure ervaring met het gerecht. Diegenen die het wel volhouden en het nodige talent hebben, ontwikkelen een eigen stijl en maken na verloop van tijd werken die het bekijken waard zijn. Rizon uit Antwerpen is zo iemand, hij staat bekend om zijn spectaculaire 3D-werken. Andere termen van GRAFFITI BALLONLETTERS: dit zijn letters waar geen hoeken aan zitten en dus door ronde vormen zijn opgebouwd OUTLINEN: de letters of de tekening terug omlijnen HIGHLIGHTS: een soort glans die je ziet als je het werk van ver bekijkt TOY: beginner WRITER: artiest KING: volleerde spuiter Redenen voor GRAFFITI soms alleen maar uit verveling om de kick, het opwindende gevoel iets te doen dat niet mag, omdat het illegaal is omdat de kunstwerken in het openbaar gemaakt worden, hierdoor krijg je bekendheid om het straatbeeld of stadsbeeld te veranderen, vrolijker, kleuriger en minder saai TAG: de naam of het herkenningsteken van een graffitispuiter, men noemt het ook wel een gestileerde handtekening. Het bestaat ui een met kleur gespoten woord, naam, figuurtje, of soms zelfs alleen maar een letter, het dient als herkenningspunt voor de andere spuiters of voor diegene die hem kenen. Het is bijna altijd een schuilnaam, dit zet je meestal onder een kunstwerk. THROW UP: dit is een word of een simpele tekening. Het is meestal met 2, soms 3 kleuren gespoten, deze soort werd ontwikkeld doordat graffiti verboden werd. De graffitispuiters moesten sneller werken en konden dus niet meer als 2 of 3 kleuren veroorloven STAMP: dit is een geà «volueerde vorm van de throw up. Deze stijl maakt gebruik van letters die een driedimensionaal effect veroorzaken. Dit kan d.m.v. schaduwen of lichtere kleuren lijntjes binnen het werk. Deze vorm maakt meestal gebruik van 3 of 4 kleuren PIECE: dit is meestal een groot geheel en er is de tijd voor genomen. Alles wordt hierin erg goed uitgewerkt en er wordt met veel kleuren gewerkt. Er wordt gebruik gemaakt van een omlijning, schaduw en dergelijke. Er is een ongeschreven graffitiwet dat je nooit over een ander piece heen mag spuiten. 3. Breakdance Breakdance wordt in de VanDale beschreven als acrobatische danse waarbij de danser zich ook liggend en draaiend op de grond beweegt. Ik vind dit persoonlijk een vrij eenvoudige beschrijving van breakdance, want in werkelijkheid is het veel meer. Ik denk niet dat het alleen een manier van dansen is, maar vooral een manier van jongeren om zich te uiten. Breakdance wordt ook vaak gebruikt om met en tegen elkaar te dansen. Afkomst Breakdance is ontstaan in Amerika, breakdance is ingevoerd door Afro-Amerikanen die het oorspronkelijk als een tijdverdrijf toepasten. Daarom zijn de eerste bekende breakdancers bijna allemaal zwarte Amerikanen. Breakdance heeft allerlei bewegingen overgenomen uit de traditionele Afrikaanse dans, de Braziliaanse vechtsport en de Chinese vechtsporten ook capoiera genoemd. Breakdance is de lichaamstaal van het hiphoppen, daarbij is het een mix van grond-, vechtsport-, acrobatische en dansbewegingen. Onderdelen breakdance: Powermoves. Dit zijn snelle acrobatische bewegingen die vrij veel kracht vereisen. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn de spins. Headspin(zie rechts), backspin, kneespin, hierbij draai je snel rond op je hoofd, rug of knieà «n. Deze bewegingen zijn het belangrijkste onderdeel van breakdance, het is dus belangrijke dat je deze goed onder de knie hebt. Electrics. Deze kun je weer verdelen in 2 onderdelen. Je kunt mensen de illusie laten wekken dat je heel soepel bent, het lijkt dan net of je geen botten hebt. Een ander onderdeel is dat je heel schokkerig beweegt, je probeert het zelfde effect te creà «ren als bij een robot.   Freezes. Dit zijn stilstaande moves, waarbij je in een keer stilstaat in een powermover. Het is pas een freeze als je langer dan 2 seconden stilstaat. Battles. Als 2 breakdancers tegen elkaar gaan dansen dan spreekt men van een battle. Daarbij probeert men elkaar steeds te overtreffen en wie de moeilijkste moves kan vertonen wint de battle. Battles gebeuren vooral in groep, dan gaan 2 groepen tegenover elkaar staan en gaan alle leden zo moeilijk mogelijke moves laten zien om zo de andere groep te overtreffen. Maar dikwijls hangt het niet alleen af van de moves want het publiek beslist wie de battle wint. Dus de groep die het publiek het beste kan entertainen wint meestal de battle ongeacht of ze nu de beste moves hebben vertoont. Daarom proberen de groepen elkaar te imponeren door te bluffen en verbaal geweld te gebruiken. Er worden in verschillende landen heel veel grote battles georganiseerd zoals battle of the Benelux of freestyle sessions in Amerika. Elk jaar wordt er in Duitsland ook het onofficià «le wereldkampioenschap gehouden dit evenement noemt the battle of the year. 4. Rappen Rappen is 1 van de vier belangrijkste elementen van de hiphopcultuur, naast DJ-en, graffiti en breakdance. Rappen wordt ook wel MCen genoemd en is een vorm van rijmend praten en zingen. De letterlijke vertaling van rappen is slap auwehoeren of er uit flappen. Meestal gebeurt het rappen in samenwerking met een dj die via zijn draaitafels (turntables) voor een beat zorgt. MC staat voor Master of ceremony in de hip hop,de rol van de MC is de platen van de DJ aan elkaar te praten door te rappen.De beste MCs zijn degenen die razendsnel een tekst kunnen improviseren. Er worden MC-battles (wedstrijden) gehouden, waarbij het de bedoeling is dat twee MCs elkaar verbaal proberen in te maken. De MCer gebruikt meestal de hulp van de human beatboxer dat letterlijk staat voor menselijke drummachine. Beatboxers doen met hun mond een drummachine na en maken zo een ritme waarop de rapper kan rappen. Sommige zien beatboxers als het vijfde element van de hip hop. Dankzij de human beatboxer heeft de rapper geen dure apparatuur nodig en kan hij zonder problemen op elke hoek van de straat een show opvoeren. Nawoord Ik vond het heel interessant om dit werkstuk over hiphop te doen. Ik ben dingen tegengekomen die ik niet wist. Interessante dingen over bijvoorbeeld het breakdancen en hoe de hiphop is ontstaan. Ik vind het een mooie stijl, persoonlijk hou ik meer van de oudere hiphop omdat daar meer diepgang in zit. Het feit dat de rappers het daar hebben over het moeilijke leven en hoe ze zich wouden afzetten tegen de maatschappij spreekt mij erg aan. Ik vind het erg jammer dat de hiphop de laatste jaren om geld, vrouwen en status gaat. De oudere hiphop was veel puurder. 2